Gravity Diary

Bernard Paul Badham's

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Quantum Field Theory of Gravity

Gravity Diary

Eintein's Cosmological Constant

According to Einstein's view of the universe in his General Theory of Relativity universal gravitation should eventually cause the universe to collapse.

With evidence of the red shift of galaxies observed by Edwin Hubble it seemed to show that the universe was expanding - galaxies were receding away from each other and the more distant they were the faster they were receding, just like dots on a balloon as it is blown up recede away from each other. Space-time was exapnding.

Then came the discovery of the universal Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) which gave our universe a modern day temperature of 2.725 kelvin, thus we had a model which if we traced back in time meant that in the beginning the universe was contracted and hot. To cause this inflation of the universe from a hot contracted one, to a big expanded and thus cooled one, indicated that the universe started with a Big Bang!

Was Einstien wrong? Why did all the evidence point to the fact that the universe was expanding and not contracting under gravity?

To compensate for this discrepency that the universe was not contracting under gravity in Einstein's General Theory, he added a cosmological constant.

In recent years there is evidence that the universe is not just expanding, but there is accelerating expansion!

Assuming Einstein's original ideas to be correct, even with a Big Bang theory and expansion, at some point in time the universe should contract under gravity. This is just like a ball being thrown into the air, as it rises against gravity it will slow down and at some highest point it will stop, then fall back down.

In our current view of what's happening, it seems that our ball thrown up into the air against the force of gravity accelerates upwards!

What would happen in our ball model if the gravitaional pull of the Earth was not constant but decreased with height to zero?

This in fact is how gravity works, as the ball gets higher, it gets further away from the Earth's gravity and so gravity does get less until at infinite distance it reaches zero.

In our ball model if the force of gravity decreased with height, the ball would slow down at a decreasing rate, until eventually as gravity approaches zero, it would eventually come to rest - gravity has brought it to rest but now at this infinite distance there is zero gravity force to bring the ball back down.

In this model we have continuous expansion until the universe comes to rest, this is what we call a flat universe.

But this flat universe model requires there to be just the right amount of matter in the universe for gravity to get weaker with expansion in tune with the universe coming to rest.

To bring the universe to rest before gravity gets to zero there must be more matter in the universe than we curently see, in this case the universe will collapse under gravity, what we call a closed universe.

If there is too little matter in the universe gravity will approach zero before it comes to rest and therefore will continue to expand forever given us what is called an open universe.

So how can we explain the fact that the universe is expanding at an increasing rate and does not fit either of the above models?

To allow for the universe to expand at an ever increasing rate it has been interpreted that there must be a repulsive force being exerted from some type of exotic invisible matter present in the universe.

Wthout the need for exotic matter or exotic theories, there may be another more simple explanation.

Maybe the model is not wrong, but the evidence for accelerated expansion is - red shift not evidence for expansion??

Maybe redshift dececeases with time and energy density.

There is also the space-vacuum drag force which will decrease with expansion.

As the ball decelerates under the gravity, the distance increases and so gravity decreases, this means that the deceleration rate will decrease, but since with expansion the energy density of the space vacuum decreases, the drag force on a decelerating mass will also decrease.

Imagine firing a ball upwards from the bottom of a very deep sea of viscous liquid, where the viscosity of the liquid exerts a drag force on accelerated motion and gravity gets weaker the higher it goes, it will of course come to rest rapidly and accelerate back down.

Imagine that the viscosity of the liquid decreases with height as well as gravity decreases.

Initially in the viscous liquid and the strong gravity the ball will decelerate rapidly - to slow it down requires a great force, because the greater the deceleration the greater the drag force opposing the change in motion.

At a much greater height, where gravity is much less, the viscosity is also less, so although gravity is weaker, the liquid exerts less opposing drage force which resist the change, in other words gravity is weaker but its effects on the mass is greater.

If the effectiveness of gravity increased with distance at an inverse square law rate this would exactly match the strength of gravity decreasing by an inverse square law rate.

Here our ball slows down at a constant rate, even though it is getting further away from the Earth, gravity is becoming more effective.

What happens to energy density (oppostion to motion change) as a sphere of space increases with size?

F is proportional to 1/r sqared

But denisty equals M/V and V = 4/3pircubed, so that V is proprtional to 1/rcubed

As r doubles gravity is 4 times less, but the energy density is 8 times less, therefore with expansion the oppostion to motion change decreases more than gravity decreases.

In our model as the ball gets higher gravity becomes more not less effective and therefore the ball would slow down at an increasing rate!

This gives us accelerated contraction? The exact opposite to what we are looking for.

We want the gravity effectiveness to become less effective with distance.

This is impossible! It seems that gravity should get less with an inverse square distance law, but it effectiveness should get more. Whatever the balance, things will slow down and stop.

So what is wrong - the red shift evidence must be wrong.

Galaxies which are further away are showing greater expansion not becasue they are expanding at an increasing rate, but because the red shift is increasing at an increasing rate because the energy density is getting less.

The universe expands, gavity gets less, but its effectiveness gets stronger, since the energy density is getting less, if the energy density is getting less, then redshift increases too!

Light is getting more and more redshifted because the energy density decreases by 1/r cubed, so it would appear with expansion that there is an accelerated expansion, but in fact the universe is decelerating and will come to rest. At some point, even with the amount of matter in the universe below the critical mass, the universe may just be balanced to expand, decelerate and come to a perfect rest.

It only appears to be expanding at an increasing rate because the redshift is increasing at an accelerated rate.

Einstein's Model was not really wrong it is just that the universal gravitational constant (G) in his theory is not a constant, G increases with expansion ie the effectiveness of gravity increases with expansion, because energy density decreases with increased volume.

Space Vacuum Energy Flow Model

If energy density decreases the space vacuum pressure deceases, therefore, the flow rate of energy into matter decreases, therefore the matter particles have a lower standing wave energy. In this model the acceleration of volume of the space vacuum energy density into matter is less, gravity is less with expansion.

As the universe expands, space vacuum pressure is less, therefore gravity gets weaker (G is less) and gravity is also less by an inverse square law for distance.

In this model, gravity decreases more than expected with expansion, so it appears that the rate of expansion incrases, with time gravity is having less of a hold on matter.

The ball is finding it easier and easier to move through the space vacuum and the force which is trying to slow it down is getting weaker at a greater rate.

Redshift increases more and more due to decreasing energy density following a 1/r cubed law.

Gravity File 3

Thursday 16th July 2009

Time for Light

Understanding that the space vacuum has physical properties throws some light on the nature of time itself.

Consider the fact that the physical dimensions of space, what we call the space vacuum, has real physical properties. If a phenomenon can be measured using physical methods then that phenomenon has physical properties and since we can measure space in three dimensions with something as simple as a ruler means that space is a physical phenomenon. It is the electromagnetic properties of space which sets and limits the speed of light.

The fourth physical dimension of time, which again can be measured using a physical clock, appears constant except in the realms of special and general relativity. It can be quite easily stated that time is a measure of change, when time passes, things change, events occur and roll on from one event to another during the passing of time. These changes which occur in time are all physical changes, forces act, atoms interact, biological process unfold, people think and plants grow, but the thing which determines how fast these changes takes place is time. All physical changes, including electromagnetic and gravitational interactions act at the speed of light and no faster. It seems therefore that time 'ticks' at the speed of light. Time is change at the speed of light.

In Einstein's world time and space are not constant only the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant. In a strong gravitational field or at near light speeds, time runs slower and space contracts compared to a stationary observer in a zero gravitational field. These are not simply relative effects, but real space and time dilations. This can be explained by the fact that the space vacuum has real physical properties.

In a gravitational field, the physical properties of space have been changed (curved, warped) and it is this change in the electromagnetic properties of space (Uo and Eo) which changes the speed of light and hence time.

In a gravitational field the electromagnetic physical properties of space have been changed,

this causes the speed of light to change and since time runs at the speed of light, time is changed.

Gravity File 2

Wednesday 15th July 2009

All About Nothing

Albert Einstein believed that space-time was not merely a mathematical geometric, but had real physical qualities.

In Einstein's General Relativity, a gravitational field is the curvature of space-time. It appears that these two physical phenomena are linked: space and time, therefore in order to understand what a gravitational field is we must understand space and time and how these two are linked. The concept of the space-time geometric is a difficult model to understand and according to general relativity a mass particle placed in the geometrically curved space-time around a gravitating mass undergoes acceleration towards the mass along the space-times lines. It appears the mass has no choice in free fall, but to accelerate, because the space and time dimensions around it are curved towards the mass. As far as the mass is concerned it is at rest with the space-time in which it sits, it is the space-time which is in a state of acceleration and so the mass goes with it - just like a ball floating down an accelerating river it is at perfect rest with the water in which it sits. To the observer, and let's imagine for a moment that the observer only sees the ball and not the water, the ball appears to accelerate by some mysterious force. Gravity is not a force, it is an acceleration of space-time, taking any mass along with it at the same rate, hence all masses fall at the same rate - to picture this imagine different mass balls thrown into the river, they will all flow at the same rate.

But although this all seems to make sense, how can space-time, which is geometrical and an empty vacuum drag along a mass? The dimensions of space-time must be more than mathematical concepts. If space-time is curved around a gravitating mass, what exactly is curved?

Space-time must have physical substance - we can measure space and we can measure time.

As Einstein said in 1920 about the geometry of his space-time curvature:

"Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it."

YouTube Video Clip: Einstein's Ether

So it seems that the space vacuum is not 'nothingness' it has physical properties, after all the physical properties of the space vacuum limits and fixes the speed of light to (c). This can be seen by the equation which links the speed of light to the electric and magnetic constants of free space: Eo and Uo:

c squared = 1/EoUo

It seems therefore that the space vacuum has electric and magnetic properties, the space vacuum is an electromagnetic phenomenon, one which limits and fixes the speed of light.

Gravity File 1

Tuesday 14th July 2009

Light the Mediator

Matter, space, light and gravity at work

All mass particles gravitate toward each other, whether these particles be atoms, molecules, sand grains, stones, rocks, mountains, worlds, stars or galaxies.

Gravity is an intrinsic property of this universe, without it the universe as we know it could not exist.

Gravity is the physical phenomenon which makes our universe work.

Space without matter and matter without gravity is unthinkable.

These three are inexplicably linked: space, matter and gravity.

There is a fourth: the phenomenon of light.

Light is the mediator of energy between matter, space, and matter.

Light is essentially electromagnetic in nature and so therefore is matter and space.

Sunday 29th March 2009

Most Important Thing in this World

People are the most important thing in this world. Value friends.

Imagine a universe where you are the only person alive.

Even your worst enemy would be welcome.

Someone to chat to, share problems, just share.

Love the person your with, value them, because you may never see them again.

Sunday 15th March 2009

Nothing

Electron Spin

'Nothing in this universe ever changes speed, only its direction.'

Explanation:

Matter is made of light

Light speed is a constant

Matter particles are standing waves which 'spin' at the speed of light.

When particles are pushed by a force, the spin changes direction, but the speed remains constant.

Matter is always traveling at the speed of light.

I am always traveling at the speed of light through this universe!

Cool!

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